Make a Mixture and a Compound from Iron and Sulfur

A mixture occurs when you combine matter in a way where the components can be separated again. A compound results from a chemical reaction between components, forming a new substance. For example, you can combine iron filings with sulfur to form a mixture. All it takes is a magnet to separate the iron from the sulfur. On the other hand, if you heat the iron and sulfur, you form iron sulfide, which is a compound. What You Need Iron filingsSulfur  (powder or flowers of sulfur)MagnetTest tube or beakerBurner or hot plate or stove Creating a Mixture and Then a Compound First form a mixture. Stir some iron filings and sulfur together to form a powder. You have just taken two elements and combined them to form a mixture. You can separate the components of the mixture by stirring the powder with a magnet (iron will stick to it) or by swirling the powder with the magnet under the container (the iron will fall toward the magnet at the bottom - this is less messy).If you heat the mixture over a bunsen burner, hot plate, or stove, the mixture will start to glow. The elements will react and will form iron sulfide, which is a compound. Careful! Unlike the mixture, the formation of a compound cant be undone so easily. Use glassware that you dont mind ruining. When you form a mixture, you can add components in any ratio that you want. It doesnt matter if there is more iron than sulfur, for example. When you form a compound, the components react according to a set formula. If there is an excess of one or the other, it will remain after the reaction that forms the compound. For example, you may have some leftover iron or sulfur in the tube with your mixture. 2 grams of sulfur with 3.5 grams of iron filings will completely react.

What Is the Role of the Chorus in Medea Essay - 680 Words

In Medea an essential character is the chorus of Corinthian women. They help obtain Euripides truly genius paradox of achieving empathy from the readers for a mother who sheds her own childrens blood. One of the major turning points in the play is when Medea asks for the chorus of womens silence as she contrives an evil plot to gain revenge. They agree immediately and are henceforth wrapped up in the play and the malicious plot. This I promise. You are right, Medea, / In paying your husband back. I am not surprised at you / For being sad (265 - 266). Through stasimons throughout the play they embody everywoman and represent the feelings of the female Greek world. The first stasimon is a plea for all women to unite in the†¦show more content†¦The Chorus still feels pity for Medea, shown later in the stasimon when they imagine the destitute that she is about to endure. Medea has become an outcast from both her homeland and her newly adopted home. This hopelessness makes her even more the perfect target for the choruss pity. Their maternal instincts want nothing more than to comfort the poor Medea. The first time where the chorus begins to truly doubt Medea is in the third satsimon. O, over and over I beg you, / By your knees I beg you do not / Be the murderess of your babes (829 - 831)! The chorus begs and pleads with Medea not to kill her children. They confirm that this kind of behavior was not acceptable even in the most ancient of times. Revenge is expected, but the bloodshed of your own flesh is not expected nor accepted. The stasimon sung after Medea has persuaded Jason to let their children offer gifts to his new bride, shows the choruss initial sympathy for Medea has now transferred to sympathy for her soon-to-be victims. They mourn for the children, the bride, and they even have a few words of condolence for Jason. You too, O wretched bridegroom, making your match with kings (964). They had once sympathized with Medea who called for them claiming they must unite together as women. The Chorus realizes that Medea is not a good model or representation of women as a whole. She often portrays male like qualities such as her barbarian behavior, clever reputation, andShow MoreRelated The Importance of the Role That the Chorus Plays in Euripedes’ Medea1142 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Role That the Chorus Plays in Euripedes’ Medea The Chorus is very much an important part of Euripedes’ Medea, and indeed many other works written in the ancient Greek style. In this play, it follows the journey Medea makes, and not only narrates, but commentates on what is happening. Euripedes uses the Chorus as a literary device to raise certain issues, and to influence where the sympathies of the audience lie. In the list of characters at the beginning of the play, the Chorus is statedRead MoreMedea: Discuss the Role of the Chorus Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the importance of the role that the Chorus plays in Euripedes Medea. br brThe Chorus is very much an important part of Euripedes Medea, and indeed many other works written in the ancient Greek style. In this play, it follows the journey Medea makes, and not only narrates, but commentates on what is happening. Euripedes uses the Chorus as a literary device to raise certain issues, and to influence where the sympathies of the audience lie. br brIn the list of characters at theRead MoreEssay about The Role of Minor Characters in Medea by Euripides1260 Words   |  6 Pagesone of him most famous plays, Medea. This play is a fascinating classic centered on the Greek goddess Medea. Despite its recent fame, during his time, Euripides was unpopular since he used what would be considered a ‘modern’ view where he would focus on women, slaves and persons from the lower classes. In the play, Medea commits filicide, which initially appears extremely horrendous, but as the audience is guided through the play, they develop sympathy towards Medea. In order to achieve this empathyRead MoreEssay about chorus role in medea782 Words   |  4 Pages The Chorus influences our response to Medea and her actions in both a positive and negative manner. The Chorus, a body of approximately fifteen Corinthian women who associate the audience with the actors, is able to persuade and govern us indirectly through sympathy for what has been done to Medea, a princess of Colchis and the victim of her husband’s betrayal of love for another woman. The Chorus also lead us to through sympathy for Medea to accept her decision of taking revenge on princess GlauceRead MoreThe Chorus as a Homonym 1168 Words   |  5 Pages In Jean Anouilh’s Antigone and in Euripides’s Medea the Chorus is both a tool for c haracterization and representation of theme; however, the ways they function in their respective plays are noticeably different. The differences in the way the Choruses function in each respective play make the name of the character â€Å"the Chorus† a homonym, same name different meaning. The Chorus in Antigone functions to incorporate the technique of metatheatre. The purpose of metatheatre is to provide a separationRead MoreEssay on The Role of the Chorus in Ancient Greek Tragedies1157 Words   |  5 Pagesjustice works differently in Euripides’ Medea and Aeschylus’ The Libation Bearers. In both The Libation Bearers and Medea, the driving force of vengeance links the chorus to each of the play’s protagonists. For both plays, the choruses begin with a strong support of their heroes with a belief that the course of action that those characters are pursuing for the sake of avenging the wrongs done to them or their families is just and right. The chorus of Medea, however, moves away from that originalRead More Euripides was accused by his contempories of being a woman hater. Why1711 Words   |  7 Pageswrites. Whether it is hatred or not, women play a major role in a Euripian play. Their role in society of that time was a great contrast to that of the men. Compared to today, women were miles apart from men; they were not even considered citizens of their region. This is obvious in the chorus where in the Electra, Medea and Hippolytus there is a chorus of women. This was unheard of in the time when the plays were written. A chorus is typically made up of wise men of Athens, therefore makingRead More Euripides Medea Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesEuripides Medea Medea is the tragic tale of a woman scorned. It was written in 431 B.C. by the Greek playwright, Euripides. Eruipides was the first Greek poet to suffer the fate of so many of the great modern writers: rejected by most of his contemporaries (he rarely won first prize and was the favorite target for the scurrilous humor of the comic poets), he was universally admired and revered by the Greeks of the centuries that followed his death(Norton Anthology;). Euripides showedRead MoreWild Revenge in Medea Essay870 Words   |  4 Pageson whether it is an act that vindicates those who have been wronged or an excuse to pursue revenge. Through Medea, Medea’s actions have been judged and criticised whether her murders are an act of justice that she deserves or simply the idea of inflicting pain on those she loathes. Revenge is the predominant motivator for the psychological and corporeal action of the play. In the play, Medea is self absorbed into her misery, her determination of inflicting pain and suffering to Jason consumes herRead MoreEvaluation of Euripides Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesthe present day era is Medea. In it, he depicted the struggle between a mothers love for her children and a flouted wifes desire for revenge on her husband. Like much of Euripides work, it is a tale which sometimes abandons, and sometimes, emphasises the age old conventions of Attic tragedy. Attic tragedian plays traditionally follow a predetermined structure and cycle. This convention was used to characterise the play. In Euripides Medea, we see this tradition upheld

A Regression Model Free Essays

Introduction A regression model with one explanatory variable is called a Simple linear regression, that is it involves 2 points: single explanatory variable and the response variable which is the dependent variable Y and independent X, in the graph of two axis y and x coordinate and finds a linear function, as precisely as it can to explains the response variable values as a function of the expanatory variables. The term simple means in statistics that the response variable y is related to one predictor x. The linear regression is given as Y=?0+?1 + ? and they are two parameters that are used estimate the slope of the line ?1 and the y- intercept of the line ?0. We will write a custom essay sample on A Regression Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? is the error term.Background Linear Regression has played a vital role in assisting in the analysis of medical data. It makes it possible for the recognition and grouping associated multiple factors. It as well also allows the recognition of anticipating related dangerous factors and the counting of dangerous scores for a single person’s prediction, this was made possible by English scientist Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), a family member of Charles Darwin, made sufficiently benefaction to both in the study of genes and in the study of behaviour and mind . He is the one that came with regression and introduced statistics in a study of living organism.In his study the data sets that he regarded persistent was the heights of male parent and male child (father and son). He wanted to find out whether he can predict the height of a male child based on the male parent’s height. Glancing at the results and scatterplots of the heights, Galton noted the relationship which was increasing and it was linear. After drawing a line to these results using the statistical tools, he observed that for male parents whose heights were more than the normal, the regression line anticipated male parents whose heights were more than the normal tended to have male children that have less height than the normal and male parents that have a height which is less than the normal tended to have male children that have a height that is more than the normal . Purposes Simple linear regression could be for example be purposefully in the instance of a an association among weight and height, Weight being the dependent variable y measured in kilograms and height being the independent variable x in centimeters, where the expected value of weight at a specified height is (X) = 2X/4 – 45 for X 100 for example. Because of natural changeability, the weight could differ for example, it might remain normally distributed with a still ? = 4. The change between an experimental weight and mean weight at a specified height is denoted as the error for that weight. To realize the association that is linear, we might take the weight of three personalities at each height and relate linear regression to model the mean weight as a function of height using a straight line, ?(X) = ?0 + ?1X . The most general way to guesstimate the parameters, (pronounced beta not) ?0 and gradient ?1 (pronounced as beta not) is the least squares estimator, which is derived by differentiating the regression model with respect to ?0 and ?1 and solving for ?0 and also solving for ?1. Let (x i , y i ) be the Ith coordinates of Y and X. The least squares estimator, guesstimates the intercept and the slope reducing the residual sum of squared errors ?ei2= ?(y i – ? i)2= SSE where yi is the experiential value and ?i = b0 + b1xi is the estimated regression line and is called the fitted or â€Å"hat† values. The estimates are given by b0 = – b1 then b1 = SSXX / SSYY and where and are the samples means X and Y, SSXX and SSYY being standard deviations and r = r(X,Y) Pearson correlation coefficient. It is also denoted as Pearson’s r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, is a measure of the linear associate amongst two variables X and Y. The Pearson correlation coefficient, r takes a variety of values from -1 to +1. A value of 0 recommends that there is no relationship amongst the variables X and Y. A value greater than 0 recommends a positive relationship that is, as the value of the other variable rises, so does the other variable. Before making use of the simple linear regression it is always vital to follow the steps below:1. Select an explanatory variable which is more possible to make the changes in the response variable Be convinced where the previous quantity for the explanatory variable transpire in the precise same period as the quantity of the respone variable Plot the interpretations on a graph making use of the y axis for the respone variable and the x axis for the predictor variable 4. Analyse the plotted interpretations for a linear outline and for any outliers Keeping in mind that there could be correlation without cause and influence. Importances Simple linear regression is considered to be widely valuable in many real-world applications and practises. Simple linear regression functions by assuming the independent and dependent variables have a association that is linear in the certain set-of-data. As expectations are and outcomes are interpreted, the individual handling the analysing role in a such data will have to be precarious since it has been premeditated before that there may be some variables which hinder minimal changes to occur while others will not consider being seized at a stationary point. Although the concept of linear regression is one that is more composite subject, it still remains to be one of the most vital statistical approaches being used till date. Simple linear regression is important because it has be wildly being used in many biological, behavioural , environmental as well as social sciences. Because of its capability to define likely associations among known variables which are simple independent and dependent , it may have assisted in the fields of finance, economics and trend line in describing major data that have proven to be of crux in the selected areas. Above all simple linear regression is vital since it has provided a clue of what desires to be predicted, more specially in regulatory functions involved in certain disciplines. In spite of the complication of simple linear aggression, it has been recognized to be sufficiently valuable in numerous day-to-day applications of life. How to cite A Regression Model, Papers

ENISA Big Data Threat Landscape Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the ENISA Big Data Threat Landscape. Answer: ENISA is the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security. This agency enables the cyber security in the organizations of Europe. NIS (Network and Information Security) of high level are contributed by ENISA within the union of ENISA (Reuter, 2015). This is done by promoting and developing the culture of Network and Information Security so that it can assist to function good and properly in internal market. The ENISA was set up in the year 2004 to contribute a NIS to level up in the European Union. To proper functioning of internal market, ENISA has implied a developed culture of Network and Information Security. To give the solutions and advice, the agency works with the members of the state and also the private sector (Schneider, 2017). The exercises of cyber security of pan European is included in ENISA along with the strategies of for developing the National Cyber Security. ENISA also includes exercises on capacity and cooperation of CSIRT and also gives security on cloud adoption, addressing the issues related to data protection, enhancing technologies that are private, emerging technologies that are private trust services and email ids an also cyber threat landscape. The implementation and the development of the Union policy of Europe and the law that are related with Network and Information Security are also supported by ENISA. The case study that is given is about the Threat landscape of ENISA which was reported last year in 2016. The top threats that are faced by the cyber sector are given in details in this case study. All these cyber attacks was assessed and reported in 2016. Increasing cyber threats have leaded the European Threat Landscape to concentrate more on the attacker and attack vectors and find their solutions that are needed to mitigate them (Eininger, Skopik Fiedler, 2015). The top cyber attacks are detailed in this case study and their respective mitigations are also described. There are all total of fifteen top cyber attacks that Europe have came across and all the kill chain of the respective threats have been clearly described. The threat agents are elaborated in this case study that is associated with the cyber attacks of the European countries. The trend of threat agents, and their motives along with the defenders of the threat attackers are briefly discussed (Bendiek, 2015). Some com mon examples are given that are related to ransomware attack, data breach attack, Denial of services attack and the targeted attack. The diagram that shows the infrastructure of ENISA Big Data security is given below. This case study involves fifteen types of top threats that ENISA faces. They are as follows: Malware: Malwares are the top cyber attack for the present year. The malware of the cyber threat are mainly information stealing and the ransomware attack. Malwares are qualitative concern instead of quantitative concern (Weber, A., Weber, 2015). The malware that has increased during the report that was filed in 2016 is the mobile malware. The current trend that has been observed for malware is increasing. The threats that are related to malwares are spam, exploit kits, data breach and leakage of information. Web-based attacks: The attacks that use components of web as a medium of attack are called the web based attacks. The threats related to web clients and web server are the web based attacks. This type of threat is discrete to the web application attacks (Witt Freudenberg, 2016). The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are botnets, data breaches, information leakage, spam and malware. Attacks of web application: The attacks that are against the web services or the web applications are called the web applications. This attack overlaps the web based attacks. Web applications are available assets that attack the surface that are challenged by the agents of threat. The current trend that has been observed is increasing (Catteddu Hogben, 2015). The threats that are related are botnets, data breaches, information leakage, spam and malware. Denial of Service: Denial of Services has created an important aspect in the cyber threat attack. Denial of Services led to infrastructure and services down, extortion and the data breaches that take place in cyber attack. The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are information leakage, spam and malware, botnets, data breaches, phishing and web based applications. Botnets: The work horse adversaries are the botnets. The roles of botnets are increased and the uses of botnets are also increased with addition of complexity and maturity. Bonnets are resilience. The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are information leakage, spam and malware, data breaches, phishing, web based applications and denial of services. Phishing: The cyber threat that is present in many cyber attacks is phishing. Use of phishing attacks are increasing day by day. This attack method has not increased by its number. It has increased by better methods and better quality to target the victims. The data that are found in social media are abused by phishing attack (Exchange, 2016). The current trend that has been observed for phishing is slightly decreasing or may be stated as stable. The threats that are related are information leakage, spam and malware, botnets, phishing, web based applications, denial of services and data breaches. Spam: The transport of malicious URLs and malware are the main types of spam. The URLs are attached accordingly with the email ids as a phishing message or spam message. Big spam botnets are needed to distribute the spam mainly. The current trend that has been observed for spam is reducing. The threats that are related are information leakage, malware, botnets and data breaches. Ransomware: The most impressive and increasing growth that has been observed in 2016 is the ransomware attack. The main motive of the criminals of cyber attack is manifestation of monetization of the victims. The current trend that has been observed for ransomware is increasing tremendously. The threats that are related are information leakage, spam and malware, bonnets, data breaches, phishing, web based attacks, denial of services and attacks of web application. Insider threat: The threat landscape of cyber security includes insider threat as an important aspect. With better understanding the analysis and assessment, the idea of insider threat becomes clear (Schaumller-Bichl Kolberger, 2016). This includes protecting a system that are used by the employees of the organization and misusing those applications. The current trend that has been observed is stable and has a flat increase. The threats that are related are information leakage, spam and malware, bonnets, data breaches and phishing. Physical manipulation: The main reason of information leakage and data breaches are the damage, loss or theft that are caused physically. This is most dangerous impact of all kinds of assets that are digital. Loss of USB drives or laptops leads to data breaches up to 40 percent. The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are information leakage, data breaches, attacks of web applications, attacks that are web based and identity threats. Exploit kits: Exploit kits are similar to botnets. These are the main tools that are used for installing a malware. The vulnerabilities that are found on the devices of the victims are all installed by this dangerous exploit kits. The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are information leakage, data breaches, malware, spam and botnets. Data breaches: The attempts that are used to compromise the data confidentiality which grows are the work of data breach. The data breach has grown to an amount of 25 percent more in 2016 than in 2015. The data that are breached are more personal to the users. The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are information leakage, data breaches, malware, spam, botnets and identity theft. Identity theft: The attack that provides the identity of machines or human are the attacks related to identity theft. Human cyber attacks are related to those which reveals the name, account number and the bank details of the person. Machine identity states the information about the machine such as passwords or email ids. The current trend that has been observed is decreasing. The threats that are related are information leakage, data breaches, malware, spam and botnets. Information leakage: The cyber threats that deal with abusing the weakness id systems that are used at run time, mistakes that happens at run time and components configuration. Leaking of information leads to enhance other crimes that are related to cyber attack. The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are information leakage, spam, data breaches, botnets and malware. Cyber espionage: The national security thefts that are held are the state sponsored and intelligence espionage related to military. The intelligence methods and the intelligence cyber threat methods give a compliment that comes from the field of military. This releases new potential for the cyber space areas that reinforce mutually to each other. The current trend that has been observed is increasing. The threats that are related are attacks related to web application, data breaches, attacks that are web based and identity threats. Most significant attack is the ransomware attack that has become an important issue of the cyber attack. It is a dangerous attack that affects the systems of the victims (Jentzsch, 2016). This ransomware attacks mainly the emails of the victims. Files are added to the emails of the victims showing that it a file that is send from a original sender or a sender that the victims knows. Once the user opens the files, Google Docs page is opened and if the user gives the permission to acces al the data, then the attacks gets an access to the system of the user. Key threats agents are: Cyber criminals- The most active group in the cyber space which holds two third of the incidents that are registered is the cyber criminals (Christou, 2017). The groups of cyber criminals have changed over the past years. It has progressed and matured over the time period. The cyber criminals are mostly famous in e-health and banking sectors. Insiders- Insiders are the attackers that attack the cyber space intentionally as well as unintentionally (Kubicek Diederich, 2015). Error, negligence and intention are the types of insider attacks that are performed by the insiders of an organization. Executive managers or any employees in an organization are subjected to insider threat. Nation States and Corporations- Corporations and the national states are together known as the cyber spines the military organizations and intelligence agencies are included in this group. The difference between the cyber combating and cyber spying are not clear due to pre maturity of cyber capabilities. Hacktivists- Hacktivists have mostly flourished in the year of 2016. The protests of hacktivists are mainly on the themes of discrimination, corruption, public health issues, support of minorities and the environmental policy (Stupka, Hork Husk, 2017). Examples of hacktivists are the Olympic Games and Football Tournament of Euro in 2016. Cyber fighters- The groups that are aggressive and high campaigns of capability are called as cyber fighters. This group lies in the grey zone according to the ideological values. The group of this type of threat is distributed all over the world. Cyber terrorists- the focus from the community of cyber security is moved to cyber terrorism according to the international engagements and the media reports against the ISIS (Unger, 2014). No such attacks are categorized for the cyber terrorist attack. The main areas of cyber terrorists are defacements, hijacking social media and hacking. Script kiddies- This type of attackers are known as copy cats or they simply hacks for fun (Lanfer, 2017). These groups of threats are mainly of low motivation and low capability which practices their hacking capabilities. Script kiddies may use the tools that are available, attack methods and anonymization to become more dangerous. To minimize the impact of attack on systems defenders have found some mitigation process and improved themselves to cope up with the attackers. The agencies to defend the cyber attack have become very active in arresting the cyber criminals and the infrastructure that are needed (Hnisch Rogge, 2017). No statistical proofs of the attacks or the trends can be made from the cyber criminals. The capitalization of the cyber crime has also increased the adversaries to records at all the time. The monetization has helped to record the turnover of the cyber activities as a result the trend seems to continue. The level of threshold is raised instead of defender engagements. The entry level of the capability of hackers is higher in spite of the available information (Kleineidam et al., 2017). This makes the hackers less opportunistic and hacking of low capability. The process of ETL (European Threat Landscape) can be improved by: Only the data that are needed in minimum should be taken at the time of processing the batch (Bartsch Frey, 2017). Sequence and time stamps should be used to do the changes. Cache lookups against the large tables should not be performed in ETL tool. Row by roe processing is to be avoided while using the ETL tool. Bulk loading options are to used in the ETL process. The table joins should be off loaded to the database for sources that comes from the database. Many parallel threads should be used for scheduling the ETL logic. Cursors should be used in any of the tools that are related with European Threat Landscape. If stored procedures are used in processing of ETL, all the parameters should be copied into different variables from the stored procedure. There is no space for improvement. ENISA should increase its security process more to cope up with all the new cyber threats that are evolving every day (Bastl, Mare Tvrd, 2015). Following processes should be taken care of to increase the security process of ENISA. Mobile internet should be taken care of by ENISA (Silva, Rocha Guimaraes, 2016). From the reporting of the last year it can be stated that more the 44 percent victims using mobile internets faced the cyber security problems. Technical failure and System failures are the most important and the root cause of the cyber threat attack. 70 percent of the attacks that are faced in the sector of cyber space are because of technical failure and system failure. In the year 2015, human errors were the root cause of the cyber security that affected the users. Nearly 2.6 billion connections of the user faced the incident of human errors. References Bartsch, M., Frey, S. (2017).State-of-the-art approaches.Incyber strategies for enterprises and authorities(pp. 55-71).Springer Specialties Wiesbaden. Bastl, M., Mare, M., Tvrd, K. (2015).Cybersecurity policy at national, European and international level: a framework analysis.Incyber security(pp. 45-67).Springer Specialties Wiesbaden. Bendiek, A. (2015, December).Digital Agenda and Cybersecurity.In theYearbook of European Integration 2015(pp. 176-181).Nomos publishing company mbH Co. KG. Catteddu, D., Hogben, G. (2015). Cloud computing.Benefits, Risks and Recommendations for Information Security/European Network and Information Security Agency, ENISA (November 2015). Christou, G. (2017).The EU's Approach to Cybersecurity. Eininger, K., Skopik, F., Fiedler, R. (2015).No cyber security without data protection.Data protection and data security,39(11), 723-729. Exchange, p. (2016).Violation of personal rights through the publication of photos on the Internet.Nomos publishing company mbH Co. KG. Hnisch, T., Rogge, S. (2017).IT security in the industry 4.0.InIndustrie 4.0(pp. 91-98).Springer Specialties Wiesbaden. Jentzsch, N. (2016).Competition policy in digital markets: Should data protection play a role?(No. 94).DIW Roundup: Policy in focus. Kleineidam, G., Schmid, LJ, Krasser, M., Koch, B. (2017).Critical infrastructure security requirements for information and communication technology from the perspective of a utility company.e i Electrical Engineering and Information Technology,134(1), 3-13. Kubicek, H., Diederich, G. (2015).Online banking in comparison.InSecurity in Online Banking(pp. 7-19).Springer Specialties Wiesbaden. Lanfer, J. (2017).Cyber-security and the (impotence) power of the state.Insecurity production between state, market and civil society(pp. 47-72).Springer Specialties Wiesbaden. Reuter, C. (2015).Operational Continuity Management in Small and Medium Business Smart Services for Industry 4.0.Mensch und Computer 2015-Workshopband. Schaumller-Bichl, I., Kolberger, A. (2016).Information Security Risk Analysis in complex systems-new challenges and solutions.InGI anniversary(pp. 609-617). Schneider, F. (2017).Reporting requirements in IT security law.Nomos publishing company mbH Co. KG. Silva, KC, Rocha, AA, Guimaraes, FQ (2016, May).Trust in the Cloud from the Sec-SLA in various models as deployment and service.InProceedings of the XII Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems on Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems: Information Systems in the Cloud Computing Era Volume 1(pp. 329-336).Brazilian Computer Society. Stupka, V., Hork, M., Husk, M. (2017, August).Protection of personal data in security alert sharing platforms.InProceedings of the 12th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security(p.65).ACM. Unger, WJ (2014).Cyber Defense - a national challenge.S F Security and Peace,32(1), 8-16. Weber, A., Weber, D. (2015, December).Governance of critical information technology in open networks.InResponsible Innovation(pp. 151-164).Nomos publishing company mbH Co. KG. Witt, T., Freudenberg, P. (2016).NIS policy.Computer and Law,32(10), 657.

Poetry Chicago, My Mother Enters the Workforce, and Find Work Flashcard

Poetry Chicago, My Mother Enters the Workforce, and Find Work

Who Was Mother Theresa Essays - Mother Teresa, Doctors Of The Church

Who Was Mother Theresa Essays - Mother Teresa, Doctors Of The Church Who Was Mother Theresa Who Was Mother Teresa? Mother Teresa was always her own person, startlingly independent, obedient, yet challenging some preconceived notions and expectations. Her own life story includes many illustrations of her willingness to listen to and follow her own conscience, even when it seemed to contradict what was expected. This strong and independent Slavic woman was born Gonxha (Agnes) Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Yugoslavia, on August 27, 1910. Five children were born to Nikola and Dronda Bojaxhiu, yet only three survived. Gonxha was the youngest, with an older sister, Aga, and brother, Lazar. This brother describes the family's early years as well-off, not the life of peasants reported inaccurately by some. We lacked for nothing. In fact, the family lived in one of the two houses they owned. Nikola was a contractor, working with a partner in a successful construction business. He was also heavily involved in the politics of the day. Lazar tells of his father's rather sudden and shocking death, which may have been due to poisoning because of his political involvement. With this event, life changed overnight as their mother assumed total responsibility for the family, Aga, only 14, Lazar, 9, and Gonxha, 7. Though so much of her young life was centered in the Church, Mother Teresa later revealed that until she reached 18, she had never thought of being a nun. During her early years, however, she was fascinated with stories of missionary life and service. She could locate any number of missions on the map, and tell others of the service being given in each place. Called to Religious Life At 18, Gonxha decided to follow the path that seems to have been unconsciously unfolding throughout her life. She chose the Loreto Sisters of Dublin, missionaries and educators founded in the 17th century to educate young girls. In 1928, the future Mother Teresa began her religious life in Ireland, far from her family and the life she'd known, never seeing her mother again in this life, speaking a language few understood. During this period a sister novice remembered her as very small, quiet and shy, and another member of the congregation described her as ordinary. Mother Teresa herself, even with the later decision to begin her own community of religious, continued to value her beginnings with the Loreto sisters and to maintain close ties. Unwavering commitment and self-discipline, always a part of her life and reinforced in her association with the Loreto sisters, seemed to stay with her throughout her life. One year later, in 1929, Gonxha was sent to Darjeeling to the novitiate of the Sisters of Loreto. In 1931, she made her first vows there, choosing the name of Teresa, honoring both saints of the same name, Teresa of Avila and Therese of Lisieux. In keeping with the usual procedures of the congregation and her deepest desires, it was time for the new Sister Teresa to begin her years of service to God's people. She was sent to St. Mary's, a high school for girls in a district of Calcutta. Here she began a career teaching history and geography, which she reportedly did with dedication and enjoyment for the next 15 years. It was in the protected environment of this school for the daughters of the wealthy that Teresa's new vocation developed and grew. This was the clear message, the invitation to her second calling, that Teresa heard on that fateful day in 1946 when she traveled to Darjeeling for retreat. The Streets of Calcutta During the next two years, Teresa pursued every avenue to follow what she never doubted was the direction God was pointing her. She was to give up even Loreto where I was very happy and to go out in the streets. I heard the call to give up all and follow Christ into the slums to serve him among the poorest of the poor. Technicalities and practicalities abounded. She had to be released formally, not from her perpetual vows, but from living within the convents of the Sisters of Loreto. She had to confront the Church's resistance to forming new religious communities, and receive permission from the Archbishop of Calcutta to serve the poor openly on the streets. She had to figure out how to live and work on the streets, without the safety and comfort of the convent. As for clothing, Teresa decided she would set aside the habit she had worn during her years as a Loreto sister and wear the ordinary dress of an Indian woman: a plain white sari and sandals. Teresa first went to Patna for a few months to prepare for her future work by taking a nursing course. In 1948 she received permission from Pius XII to leave her community and live as an independent nun. So back to Calcutta she went and found a small hovel to rent to begin her

Franz Joseph Haydn Classical Composers Speech or Presentation

Franz Joseph Haydn Classical Composers - Speech or Presentation Example At the age of 8, Haydn moved away from his parents to live with Johann, his uncle, in Hainburg. His parents wanted Haydn to become a priest. In addition, his father knew that Haydn would acquire exceptional musical skills through Hainburg’s education system. Hainburg was a society which embraced music talent and had established systems of learning music. The society had well established choirs in churches and academic institutions. Entrance of Haydn met the introduction of Reutter, a music director who lectured music concepts at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Hainburg. Reutter recommended Haydn for the community choir, and later to the Vienna’s St Stephen’s Cathedral (Michael, 2009). At the Cathedral, Haydn demonstrated exceptional talent and was promoted to become the lead soloist in the teenage choir. The instrumental skills he acquired during the period in the choir bolstered his confidence in pursuing the career. However, Haydn’s stay at the Cathedr al was aborted when his voiced broke at puberty. Upon dismissal from the church, Haydn started employing the instrumental skills to earn a living in the streets (Greene, 2010). He started giving street lessons on musical instruments like keyboard and violin. Apart from the street lessons, Haydn worked as a freelance performer in many social and cultural functions around the social places of Vienna. Haydn used his time in the street to learn composing skills. He was hired by Pietro, a composer, to train a certain young girl on instruments. Haydn approached Porpora, a composer, with a request to serve in the composer’s factotum. In return, Propora was supposed to give Haydn composing instructions. Haydn took advantage of this opportunity to learn concrete composing skills (Greene, 2010). Haydn’s association with Propora lasted for three months. After this period, Haydn had acquired substantial composing skills. He started writing his own works and administering instrumen t lessons to the interested parties. Haydn’s written works started spreading in Vienna and around other influential parts of Austria. It was during this time when the classical composer met the Esterhazy family. The countess, Aloysia, liked some of his works and adopted him as her own trainer in instruments. Provision of music lesson services to the royal family member made the composer famous (Michael, 2009). Demonstration of professionalism and competence as an instrumental instructor and a composer earned him high status in the society. This is when Haydn was integrated into the music house owned by Karl von Morzin. Haydn was made the director of music at the house. He was charged with the responsibility of composing all the music writings for the musicians in the house. All the music performed by the musicians under his directorship was his original works (Greene, 2010). In Karl’s music house, the musicians were occupied with regular performance in count occasions for the royal family and other highly esteemed persons in Vienna society. Presence of Haydn in the house resulted on credible demonstration of musical and instrumental prowess by the musicians. Karl recommended regular practice of music lessons by his students. Therefore, the musicians did regular exercises on music instruments, composition and performance. At this time, Karl recognized the significance of Haydn in the practice programs of the subordinate musicians. This is when Hay

Major works of Western classic music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Major works of Western classic music - Essay Example Piano played an important role in this nationalistic era of music composers and Charles Ives is an important person who inspired other composers in filling the nationalistic music with folk, march tunes as well as Piano rhythms. The composers of Nineteenth Century composed to nationalistic songs, thus giving rise to nationalistic tones to be famous. Significant among them is Charles Ives, born on 20th October 1874, who has composed music using experimental techniques and ideas. He has been considered as the first true great American Composer, as he composed for American hymns as well as songs and dance tunes. In addition to that he used polyrhythms and poly tonality in his composing that make use of dissonant harmonies and tone clusters. Though his works became famous in 1930 after he ceased to compose music, he received Pulitzer Prize in 1947 for his Symphony No. 3. The use of brass band, march tune, out of tune piano and all of them occurring at same time resulted in a path for a n ew breed of twentieth Century. Many young composers in 19th Century had nationalistic ideas regarding composing in contrast to their seniors who concentrated on romantic music. The composing of tunes by pioneers like Charles Ives had the sense of nationalism in them. The radicalism in the music of Europe influenced the composers in United States of America and resulted in a nationalistic era of music composing. Though the musical training of Ives is not much systematic, he learnt from his father, experiments and has become an eclectic musician. (Broyles, Michael (Author), 2004). The important fact in the career of Ives is that his tunes caught fame when he ceased composing by finding his fortune in insurance business. The reason might be that he did not have systematic training in music and might have lacked confidence in marketing his own music. That can be assumed from his own words "As a boy I was partially ashamed of my love of music an entirely wrong attitude". He convinced himself later that most of boys in America too felt the same and considered music as emasculated art and that might have forced him to quit music career after composing some tunes and symphonies (Hubbs, Nadine (Author), 2004). The nationalistic tones in his tunes and symphonies is due to his idealistic and democratic views and his quest to represent the unified American voice with the forms and traditions of European Classical Music. The musical sense and his interest in music came from his musician father, who settled in Danburry as a musician after the Civil War. As Charles Ives grew in aftermath of Civil War patriotic feelings that are popular in those days made him attract towards them and he mixed those feelings with his musical caliber to produce a pioneering tunes and symphonies. The nationalistic tone in his tunes came from his radical view of creating tone clusters. As a child he used Piano as a drum and his father sent him to drum classes. As he grew up his radicalism reflected in creation of tone clusters thus reflecting the quest of people for democracy and patriotism. Tone clusters are suitable tunes to represent the patriotic and nationalistic songs. His radical way of representing democracy

Structural Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Structural Analysis - Assignment Example In engineering construction, material’s strength and the cost are the main parameters to be considered when selecting a particular material. Another important aspect in structural engineering the design. Structures should be designed in such a way that no failure occurs in future. For instance, for the I- Section given, there are two possible stresses. Compressive stress and tensional stress. In designing, the least possible stress should be used for safety. From the stress distribution diagram, it can be seen that stress is zero at the beam axis. This therefore, makes an I-Section the best beam for structural engineering. When the beam bends, the top most fiber is in compression while the bottom most fiber is in tension. The stresses are greatest at the top and the bottom fibers. I-section provides the stiffest beam with the least amount of material. This is because it only requires more materials at the bottom and top flanges. The diagram below shows a cross section through an I-section. This shape is used when the load is parallel with the flange. As you can see, the shape is not so good with lateral forces unless you turn it sideways. When the load will come from two directions, a square tube is used.  The section is normally designed so as to minimize materials on. This type of section is better than other sections due to the fact the maximum beam stiffness is achieved with minimum

Graffiti Impact on Society

Graffiti Impact on Society On a wall, there is something that gives a hint of cowardliness, vandalism, pain and beauty. And that is what draws us to look at it, and admire whats within it. The origins of graffiti can be traced back to the Roman and Italian empires, as early as 100 B.C. The word graffiti, is the plural form of the Italian word graffito, which means to write or draw on a public surface. Graffiti is one of the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalism. On a wall, there is something that gives a hint of cowardliness, vandalism, pain and beauty. And that is what draws us to look at it, and admire whats within it. The origins of graffiti can be traced back to the Roman and Italian empires, as early as 100 B.C. The word graffiti, is the plural form of the Italian word graffito, which means to write or draw on a public surface. Graffiti is one of the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalismOn a wall, there is something that gives a hint of cowardliness, vandalism, pain and beauty (Lynard Norris). And that is what draws us to look at it, and admire whats within it. The origins of graffiti can be traced back to the Greek, Roman and Italian empires, as early as 100 B.C. The word graffiti is the plural form of the Italian word graffito, which means to write or draw on a public surface (If its Hip its Here). Graffiti is one of the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalism.the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalism. For your subtopics, have you considered discussing: 1.) Some detail about the historical significance, applications, of early graffiti 2.) The evolution of the art form throughout time 3.) Graffiti as a modern, urban form of expression. 4.) Legal implications of this art form and any attempts to legalize or promote it? In ancient times, graffiti was carved on walls with a sharp artifact, or painted with organic pigments. It was mainly used to express political messages, and to inform the members of an empire about an upcoming event. Although these markings were often created by liberal citizens, they were also sponsored by the government, to show their social ranking, and intimidate those who did not obey their commands. These forms of early graffiti, mostly displayed magic spells, declarations of love, literary quotes, and stories about daily life in society (Graffiti). However, not everyone would dare to implement this form of art, because it was constantly penalized. Many of these inscriptions can still be found in sepulchers and temples, as well as pillars of important monuments, helping historians learn more about past civilizations. As history evolves, so does graffiti. Throughout the years, graffiti has been a cultural and aesthetical tradition that continues to cause controversies around the world. From its early days to the present, this form of art has always been among the most non ephemeral forms of human expression. As the times change, new forms of graffiti have been created. From scratches and paintings, to throw ups and peaces, the world has experienced the ever changing revolution of graffiti. Having a neutral connotation in two different spectrums from two completely opposite worlds (Shelby Sparrow), graffiti has modified and accustomed itself to fit in in all social classes, and atmospheres. Even though the techniques have changed, the attitudes have not. Everyone has a different point of view, agreeing or disagreeing with this act. Being a very biased subject, it reflects culture and art, however it also influences divisions in society (Jeremy Wegener). Now used by political activists to make statements, and gang members to mark territ ories, it is hard to define who is an illustrator, and who is a rebel. One can accurately infer who is involved in the modern graffiti movement, differencing a tagger from an artist by learning more about their forms of expression. I dont call what I do tagging, what I do is art. Its my thoughts, feelings and expressions. Tagging is going out and throwing up one line scribbles, I dont do that (Erick Ortega). In the late 1960s, a new form of art emerged. As one of the pioneers of modern graffiti art, CORNBREAD started to make himself known to the city of Philadelphia, by writing his name on train cars (At 149st). This radical movement was later called motion art. In 1972, Hugo Martinez founded the United Graffiti Artists Association, just a year after the New York Times Magazine published an article on TAKI 183, the first recognized graffiti Artist in America. Many people question who does graffiti, and why they do it, but the answers remain uncomprehended, rather than unanswered. To me, it [graffiti] means releasing stress or life worries, through a simple shake and spray of paint, I started hitting walls, and now Im addicted (Jaime Jackson). Those who dont call themselves artists or taggers, define themselves as writers. Because they dont only draw, they compose feelings, and show stories that they couldnt express in any other way. Among the many rules of graffiti, there are also various slang terms for the terminologies used, some of the most common include: Tag- to make a piece of graffiti, Toy- A new, inexperienced writer, Throw Up- One layer of spray paint filling in bubble letters that are outlined in another color, Hit/Hit Up- To tag, Wild style- A complicated piece constructed with interlocking letters, Fresh- Really good graffiti (Graffiti). Although these writers express many words with slang, they have a very open understanding of language, and literacy, applying it to their pieces of art, but leaving their thoughts for open interpretation. A lot of people dont even write anymore, we are forgetting the concept of literature, and ignoring the correct use of our beautiful language. I understand that graffiti can be a big problem, but when those individuals go out and capture an i dea that brings inspiration to others, thats when I feel proud of this urban form or art. They just need a place to do it, thats it. They shouldnt get in trouble for doing what they love (Crispin Sartwell). According to the San Diego Police Department Today, graffiti is a sign of urban decay. It has become everyones eyesore. Graffiti generates fear of neighborhood crime and instability. It is costly, destructive, lowers property values and sends a message that people of the community are not concerned about the appearance of their neighborhoods. It is also against the law!. In 2009, the maximum fine for tagging was $2,200, or 12 months of imprisonment (Law Link). These severe punishments have been driving taggers out of the streets, but not even these ultimatums can wipe out the graffiti environment completely. Cities all over the world, have been trying to put an end to this vandalism, but others have taken street art into galleries and museums, separating it from gang graffiti, which often has a poor taste, and is done strictly for marking territories. In New York City there are at least 20 art museums that promote graffiti art, and have used it to spread messages of peace and love ar ound the world. From stop signs that read war under them, to murals or public walls designed to show the consequences of a dysfunctional world, graffiti art is polemically inspiring people, one tag at a time. Somewhere in the world, there is a wall that is waiting to be read. Waiting to be judged, waiting to be admired. That wall is waiting to be discovered, and interpreted. This wall knows that it will be inspiring to some, maybe deceiving, or disappointing. It will bring creativity to someones mind, or anger to someones heart. But this wall will be discovered, and with it, different opinions will come. As we look around, we see that the world is in constant change, always being affected by those who habitat it. From the early days of graffiti, to the forms in which we now know it, art has shaped and rebuilt the basic idea of writing on a wall countless times. From hieroglyphics to carvings, to scratches, to oil pigmentations, to spray paintings, and from caves to tombs, to streets, to museums, graffiti keeps altering itself to match our world, and remain an active part of it. Graffiti art has always affected society, creating dilemmas on whether or not it is a true form of art or just a rebellious act. Why does graffiti exist? It began as a form of expression, a way of communication, and evolved to be a form of art, showing talent, and being available to all social classes.

Roman Holiday :: essays research papers

Review: Roman Holiday Roman Holiday is a famous and important film for many reasons, probably most for introducing the world to the incomparable Audrey, here in her first major starring role, and one which won her an Academy Award. With lots chemistry, inspired direction by William Wyler, and impressive locale work, shot completely on location in Rome, this ranks as one of the best romantic comedies ever made. It's a modern-day twist on a fairy tale, where the princess wishes to be a normal young girl, rather than the other way around. Hepburn plays Princess Ann, much beloved royalty whose every move is followed by the country, and every day is completed scheduled with monotonous formalities and appearances, which have begun to grow tedious for a young woman looking to have some excitement in her life. She wants to have some fun and spontaneity in her life, so one night while she is visiting Rome, Ann makes her escape from her handlers and heads to the streets of the city, where a handsome new reporter, Joe Bradley (Peck) stumbles upon her. There appears to be no place for her to go, so Joe takes her to his apartment for the evening, but the next day he discovers he may be onto the scoop of a lifetime when he realizes that the woman in his bed is none other than the most beloved figures in the world. His plan is to entertain her while she is in town, without letting her know he is really j ust trying to get the inside info on the woman for his article, and she also hides her identity in hopes of being seen as the average girl in the free world. Perhaps the most impressive aspect of this rather old fashioned romance is how funny it actually is, while still maintaining a sense of subtlety throughout. This is not a story driven plot, but rather, a collection of charming and amusing moments that, when added up for the duration, becomes something quite substantial. The character development involved is flawless, as we grow to like, and in some senses love, the main players, thanks in large part to the terrific Academy Award winning screenplay by Dalton Trumbo here credited as Ian McLellan Hunter due to a blacklisting that forced him to write under a pseudonym. Even with the quality writing, none of this could have worked if overplayed by the director or if stars were cast who weren't as likeable, and on all fronts,

Lincoln: the Great Emancipator Essay

Until it was abolished in 1865, slavery thrived in the United States since the nation’s beginnings in the colony of Jamestown in 1607. In 1776, the founding fathers stated that â€Å"all men are created equal† when they declared independence and started a war that freed the 13 colonies from the oppressive rule of Great Britain. However, after â€Å"the land of the free† had been established, slavery had yet to be eliminated. After the war of 1812, sectionalism began to grow prevalent in America. The Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-1800s advanced the country technologically while further dividing it as the North became industrialized and the South became more agrarian and reliant on slave labor. Sectionalism was increased by westward expansion, and began to manifest itself in American politics. The country could have gone to war by the early 1800s, but various political compromises held the two sections together for another half of a century. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850 are two important examples. Tensions built over the 40 years of compromise. Abolitionists worked to gain support in the North while they caused outrage in the South. In the government, everything had to be compromised and everything was a competition, such as legislature and westward expansion. Fortunately, when sectionalism and tensions around slavery boiled over, Abraham Lincoln came to the forefront of US politics. He created a reputation for himself and the Republican Party with a political platform against the expansion of slavery. He became known in the South as an abolitionist through the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and his election in 1860 sparked the secession of 11 southern states from the Union and the beginning of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln was the most important contributor to ending slavery in America because of his actions toward winning the Civil War and emancipating the slaves, and he was able to do this because he was an extraordinary politician who handled the circumstances as nobody else could have managed. Abraham Lincoln’s ability as a politician was crucial in his role as commander-in-chief of the US army during the Civil War, because to end slavery, Lincoln knew he had to win the war. The first thing Lincoln did as president, in his Inaugural Address, was try to calm the frantic South, re-stating that he had â€Å"no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery where it exists,† (Halsall). Lincoln’s  primary goal was to preserve the Union. As he put it, â€Å"If I could save the union without freeing any slave, I would do it,† (Majerol, 25-26). He needed the support for the war from the Northern citizens, many of whom were not abolitionists. Lincoln was faced with another difficult issue throughout the Civil War. Four states—Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware—held slaves but remained in the Union. If Lincoln waged a war that strongly opposed slavery, he risked losing those Border States to the Confederacy, which would probably cost him the war. Another issue that Lincoln had to deal with over the course of the war was incompetent generals. Lincoln discharged many of his generals throughout the war, which made it difficult to carry out his plans. In a telegram to General McClellan, Lincoln urged him to attack Lee â€Å"The present hesitation to move upon an entrenched enemy is but the story of Manassas repeated,† but McClellan ignored the order (Ayers et. al, 369). It was not until Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union armies that he started having consistent success. If Lincoln had not been elected president, slavery may have continued for much longer in America. Besides the fact that Lincoln, as commander-in-chief, lead the Union Army to win the Civil War, the many proposed compromises in 1860 and 1861 might have allowed slavery to continue in America, such as the Crittenden Compromise. Another important way that Lincoln’s skill as a politician benefited the Union was his treatment of the Confederacy. Lincoln reasoned that since it is unconstitutional to secede from the Union, the Confederacy and its government was illegitimate, and Lincoln’s administration refused to recognize the Confederacy’s independence. This became important later in the war when other nations refused to recognize the Confederacy’s independence. When the time was right, Abraham Lincoln masterfully changed the ideology of the war to focus on slavery, and he used the slaves themselves as a powerful force in the war and on the home front. Lincoln did this through the First and Second Confiscation Acts, the Emancipation Proclamation, and his Second Inaugural Address. Early in the war, three slaves escaped to the Union Army, raising the question of what to do with fugitive slaves. Under the Fugitive Slave Act, they had to be returned to their owners in the Confederacy. However, Lincoln adopted an ingenious policy of taking slaves as â€Å"contraband  of war,† treating them as property as the Confederacy did. Lincoln went on to sign the First Confiscation Act in August 1861, which emancipated slaves that escaped to Union lines. In July 1862, Lincoln signed the Second Confiscation Act, which essentially gave him the authority to emancipate the slaves in Confederate territory (on the grounds that they helped the war effort and were contraband). This legislation helped the Union Army greatly. Over 190,000 soldiers, sailors, and workers came to the Union Army from the Confederacy (McPherson, 193), and at the end of the war, African Americans made up 20 percent of the Union Army (Majerol, 26). The escaped slaves also influenced soldiers in the army who now â€Å"were talking with real men and women who had been (and perhaps still were) slaves,† (Goodheart, 15). However, a vastly more important document was the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln drafted the document in July 1862 and showed it to his cabinet. William Seward reminded him of the importance of timing, so Lincoln waited until the army won the Battle of Antietam to issue the Proclamation. In a letter Lincoln wrote in 1864, he stated â€Å"when, early in the war, Gen. Fremont attempted military emancipation, I forbade it, because I did not then think it in indispensable necessity.† Lincoln then cites two more examples of him holding off efforts at emancipation (Fehrenbacher, 257). When it was issued on January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was a turning point in the ideology of the war. It took a war that had been officially about preserving the Union and made it about ending slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation was a bold move for Lincoln to make because of the pro-slavery Border States. Lincoln had made â€Å"earnest, and successive appeals† there for compensated emancipation, but was rejected (Fehrenbacher, 257). He then had to make a choice between â€Å"surrendering the Union† or â€Å"laying a strong hand upon the colored element,† hoping to outweigh losses with benefits (Fehrenbacher, 258). Over a year later, Lincoln said he felt no losses, and a gain of 130,000 soldiers, seamen, and laborers. Lincoln certainly had good timing when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Britain and France were coming closer to aiding the Confederacy, and in Britain’s case, they only wanted the Confederacy to win one more battle to prove that they were on the winning side of the war. Antietam was a terrible loss for the South, and Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation prevented Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy because they both had  anti-slavery governments, and the war was now about slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation was a wise move for Lincoln as an abolitionist, because it allowed blacks to fight in the military, which might lead to citizenship and the right to vote for blacks (â€Å"Civil War Black Soldiers†). Lastly, Lincoln focused public attention on the issue of slavery in his Second Inaugural Address, reminding the people know what their brothers were fighting for. Abraham Lincoln’s most important quality was that he was a great politician, which allowed him to manage the difficult situations put before him in order to provide actual results that ultimately ended slavery in America. Among these results were Union victory in the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, the First and Second Confiscation Acts, the Gettysburg Address, and the Thirteenth Amendment. The Union victory in the Civil War is a simple fact, but it was the most indispensable step to the end of slavery in America. Ending slavery meant nothing if the Union did not win the war and control the South again. Additionally, without a war in the first place, slavery might not have ended. It is possible that a compromise could have held the divided nation together without putting an end to slavery. Lincoln’s talent as a politician was also crucial in the Emancipation Proclamation when he released it in time to prevent any foreign nations from intervening and aiding the Confederacy. Lincoln showed his skill as a politician in the Lincoln-Douglass debates, when he took a careful stance on slavery that he thought would best suit the needs of the nation at the time. Lincoln was constantly stressing that he was not an abolitionist, and it was ridiculous to assume that â€Å"Just because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife,† (Fehrenbacher, 106). Lincoln proved himself when he ran against Douglas in the presidential election of 1860 and won. Lincoln orchestrated the defeat of the Confederacy and the end of slavery using his political position as president and commander-in-chief, and his cunning as a politician to influence the people of America. It could be argued that the slaves played a more vital role in securing their freedom than Abraham Lincoln did. The slaves had influential leaders such as Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass. The Underground Railroad  freed hundreds of slaves, and it was led by a former slave, Harriet Tubman. Frederick Douglass wrote a book about his life as a slave which influenced public views of slavery in the North. He also published an abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. He also showed people that slaves were treated like animals and stripped of the quality that defines humans: independent thought. â€Å"these words sank deep into my heart, stirred up sentiments within that lay slumbering, and called to existence an entirely new train of thought,† (Douglass, 20). He told about how he was like other slaves until he learned to read and write, and became a human who was able to create his own destiny. These contributed to raising tensions and starting war, which was a necessary evil for slavery to be abolished and the Union to remain whole. These contributions also put pressure on the government to oppose slavery. Moreover, the 190,000 soldiers, sailors, and laborers who escaped slavery and came to the Union Army contributed greatly to the war effort, fighting valiantly and supporting the Army off the battlefield as well. By the end of the war, these soldiers made up 20 percent of the Union army, as well as influencing public opinion in the North. These were valuable aids to the end of slavery in America, and without them, slavery might not have ended in 1865. However, they are insubstantial compared to the contributions of Abraham Lincoln. First, the emancipation of nearly 200,000 slaves happened because Lincoln had not issued the Emancipation Proclamation and the First and Second Confiscation Acts. He transformed the ideology of a nation when he directed the war at slavery. In comparison with Lincoln’s monumental tasks, the contributions of slaves are insignificant. In conclusion, Abraham Lincoln was a more important constituent in ending Slavery in America than the slaves themselves because of his contributions as Commander-in-chief to win the Civil War and emancipate the slaves, and he was able to do this because he was an outstanding politician who handled the circumstances with unparalleled capability. Lincoln dealt with the difficult issue of fighting a war in which he could not make many bold decisions for fear of the Border States seceding, and he applied his ability as a politician to lead the Union to victory. Lincoln faced another difficult  issue of how to treat escaped slaves during the war, and altered the entire ideology of the war so that the focus was slavery. He did this with his First and Second Confiscation Acts and, most importantly, a well-timed Emancipation Proclamation. Lastly, Lincoln’s capability as a politician led to concrete actions he took towards ending slavery, including the Emancipation Proclamation, the Thirteenth Amendment, and of course, winning the Civil War, the element without which the end of slavery in America might not have been possible. Lincoln influenced the history of America and (unintentionally) became a martyr. Today, racial discrimination does not exist in US legislation and America is constantly getting closer to complete racial equality. Works Cited Ayers, Edward L., Jesus F. De la Teja, Deborah G. White, and Robert D. Schulzinger. American anthem. Ed. Sam Wineburg. Orlando. Fla.: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2009. â€Å"Civil War Black Soldiers.† , Black Soldiers, Robert Gould Shaw, 54th Massachusetts. 2007. Civil War Academy. 24 Jan. 2013 . Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Fehrenbacher, Don E. Abraham Lincoln. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1964. Goodheart, Adam. â€Å"How Slavery Really Ended in America.† New York Times 3 Oct. 2011: 12-15. Halsall, Paul. â€Å"Internet History Sourcebooks.† Internet History Sourcebooks. July 1998. Fordham University. 24 Jan. 2013 . Majerol, Veronica. â€Å"The Emancipation Proclamation.† The New York Times Upfront 7 Jan. 2013: 24-27. McPherson, James. â€Å"Who Freed the Slaves?† Drawn With the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War. 1996. 192-207.

How Many Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect ACT Score

How Many Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect ACT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Lots of students strive for that perfect 36 ACT composite score. You might think you need a completely perfect test, but that's not the case. You have some leeway in how many questions you can miss and still get a 36. In this article, I'll explain my research into official ACT grading scales, and I'll tell you how many questions you can get wrong and still get that 36. How Is the ACT Scored? To understand how many questions you can get wrong and still get a perfect score, you need to understand how the ACT is scored. For a more in-depth explanation, check out our other article: How is the ACT Scored? In brief, the ACT is made up 4 sections: Math (60 questions), Reading (40 questions), Science (40 questions) and English (75 questions) plus Writing (1 Essay). The essay is not factored into your overall composite score, so I am not going to discuss it further in this article. If you're curious about the essay, read our other article: How to Write an ACT Essay: Step by Step Example. Unlike the SAT, you do NOT get points deducted for wrong answers, so it is to your advantage to bubble in any questions you can’t answer since you won’t be penalized for wrong answers.For each section, you are givena raw score, which is simply the number of questions you answered correctly, and then that raw score is converted into a scaled score. The raw score to scaled score conversion varies each ACT test date, but the ACT provides a table in their Preparing for the ACT guide that estimates how each section’s raw scores will be converted into scaled scores. Here it is: Once you have the scaled scores for each section, you simply add the 4 section scores together and divide by 4 (aka averaging) and then you have your composite score.If your score ends up with a decimal, it is rounded. i.e. if it is a 35.4, it is rounded to 35, and if it is 35.5, it is rounded to 36. Now let's get back to the original question. How Many Questions Can You Miss and Still Get a Perfect 36 Composite Score? The answer is a little complex (and I will explain it further), but you can typically get between 0 and 2 questions wrong in total across all four sections.The reason the answer is more complex is that the scoring for each section of the test is different, and the scoring for each section varies by test date (as you can see in the chart above and as I will explain further below). If you want to get a 36, you need to get a 36 on at least 2 of the sections.Here are the breakdowns: (36+36+36+36) / 4 = 36 (36+36+36+35) / 4 = 35.75 (rounds up to 36) (36+36+35+35) / 4 = 35.5 (rounds up to 36) (36+36+36+34) / 4 = 35.5 (rounds up to 36) NOTE: you cannot get a 33 on any individual sectionif you want to get a composite score of 36. As I said, the scoring of each section varies by test date. So, to give you a better idea of the typical number of questions you can get wrong for a 36 in each section, Ihave analyzed 5 different ACT score charts: Section Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 English 0 0 0 0 0 Math 0 0 0 0-1 0 Reading 0 0-2 0 0 0 Science 0 0 0 0 0 You can see that to get a 36 in English, Reading, Math or Science, youtypically need to get 0 wrong. Occasionally, a test will allow 1 or 2 mistakes, but that is a rarity, so you should plan for 0 wrong to get a 36 in any of the sections. Since you can get up to two 35s on individual sections (if you get 36s on the other sections, as I showed above), I have also analyzed the same tests for thenumber of questions you can get wrong for a 35 in each section: Section Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 English 1 1-2 1-2 1-2 2-3 Math 1 1-2 1 2-3 1-2 Reading 1 3 1 1 1 Science N/A* N/A* 1 1 1 *Science sections labeled N/A means you are not able to score a 35 on those tests in the Science section. 1 question wrong drops you to a 34 in Science on those tests. Since the scoring varies so much between test dates for each section, to be safe, you should aim to get at most 1 wrong in any section to get a 35. While you may, in fact, end up being able to get more wrong, you cannot be sure have harsh or easy your test grading will be and should plan for harsher grading. Since you can get up to one 34 on an individual section (if you get 36s on the other sections, as I showed above), I have also analyzed the same tests for thenumber of questions you can get wrong for a 34 in each section: Section Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 English 2 3-4 3-4 3-4 4 Math 2 3-4 2 4-5 3 Reading 2 4 2 2 2 Science 1 1 N/A* 2 2 *The science section labeled N/A means you are not able to score a 34 on that test in the Science section. 2 questions wrong drops you to a 33 in Science on that test. If you are aiming to get a 34 on 1 section and 36 on the rest to get a 36 composite score, you should aim for at most 2 wrong on that section. As I said before, while the scoring varies, and you could technically have gotten up to 4-5 wrong on certain sections on certain test dates to get a 34 on that section, you need to plan for the worst case scenario, so plan that you will get a 34 if you get 2 wrong. Any way you calculate it, you can miss or skip a maximum of 2 questions to get a 36 composite score.That's not a lot, so if you're hoping for a perfect score, you will need a lot of practice. What Does This Mean If You're Aiming for a 36? For the whole test, you need to have the pacing down and make sure you can finish.You cannot afford to miss or skip many questions, so first and foremost make sure the timing will not be a problem for you. You should determine which sections are your strongest and weakest.For example, if you are excellent in Math, Science, and Reading and weaker in English, focus on getting the Math, Science, and Reading close to perfect to get a 36, so you can afford to miss or skip 3 or 4 in English and get a 34. What's Next? Need help preparing for the ACT? Check out guides to the ACT Reading, Math, English, and Science sections.Taking the ACT very soon? Read our guide to cramming for the test. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school.Also, figure out yourtarget ACT score. Thinking about getting a job while in high school? Check out our guide to the 8 best jobs for teensand learn how to find yours! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Marketing Essays - Marketing, Business, Free Essays, Term Papers

Marketing Essays - Marketing, Business, Free Essays, Term Papers Marketing * Evaluate her strategy planning for her new business. >From her love to stay in Petosky; she started the carpet cleaning service by her saving money, and based on her experience when she worked part-time for Joel Bullard. Mr. Bullard has a very successful business at this small town, dominates this carpet cleaning service, and so far no one able to compete to him in quality, strong relationship with many loyalty clients. Jane Galloway try so hard in advertising, taking care of her customer?s work but she still unable to reach her goal, $60,000/year. * Why was not she able to reach her goal of $60,000/year? The most important problem of Jane is she did not do any marketing research in potential need of customers, she tries to sell the service she has rather the customer need. First, she should do marketing to know this business saturated at this town or not?. It seems to me that this small town just needs some extra works in the peak seasons as summers and winters. Second, she should study to know her competitions and what she should do to compete with them in quality, prices, customer?s relationship?. Third, from lack of marketing the potential need of customer; she set her goal is too high and spends too much energy to reach her target. * What should she do now? Explain. I think she can have two choices: - First, if she wants to stay in Petosky; she should set her goal more reasonable. She can maintain her good work as quality and advertising; but she should have a more competing price with Mr. Bullard, builds up a strong relationship with customers. She will have a larger share with Mr. Bullard, and able to compete with him in the future. - Second, she should do marketing study at another town for these matters: Potential need of customer, price, service and quality of current competitions. She will carefully check her ability to compete with them; then based on those conclusions, she will choose a right place to move her business, and have a successful business.

Proposal for alternative, convertible and flexible types of Research Paper

Proposal for alternative, convertible and flexible types of accommodations for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games - Research Paper Example mated that the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil could provide ample accommodation for 33,000 visitors, this being the number of the hotel beds that are available (Berg, n.d.). The Olympic Games will definitely require more than this, considering that the number of visitors is expected to be much higher, estimated at a figure well above 50,000. Worse still is the fact that; the economic implication of the city would be even dire, if it engages in the erection of permanent facilities that are only to be used for accommodating the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games of 2016, and then fall short of business later. However, while uptight efforts are being made to avail the necessary accommodation through the construction of more hotels and accommodation facilities, it would even be more comfortable and innovative of the city, if it could devise other means of providing temporary accommodation, which still meets the required standards. One of the viable considerations for the temporary, yet quality accommodation provision for the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil during the Olympic Games of 2016, is the use of Cruise Ship (Honeywell, n.d.). There are various reasons that make this option viable. First, the city of Rio de Janeiro is surrounded by water, which makes the use of cruise ship possible, as the visitors and the athletic members will only be sleeping in the regions surrounding the city. The advantage of this option is that; it will allow for the provision of ample accommodation in areas of close proximity to the city, thus allowing for the desired convenience. The second advantage is the fact that, the use of cruise ship will allow for the temporary provision of accommodation, thus eliminating the need for construction of permanent accommodation facilities, which may then lack sufficient business thereafter, thus resulting to unnecessary tying up of substantial resources in the substantial constructions (Honeywell, n .d.). The validity of this option is the fact that, the same

Why should the school day be extened Research Paper

Why should the school day be extened - Research Paper Example The report suggested that the American education system needed an improvement of time, content and expectations, in order to be effective. Different States had different opinions regarding the issue of extending the school day, with some opposing it and some supporting it (Aronson, Simmerman, & Carols, 1998). Currently, numerous research studies keep showing that America is not a world leader in educating children. Numerous reports also support these claims by showing where the country has failed. Over the decades, there has been insignificant improvement shown by the National Assessment of Education Progress. The success disparity between the white and black children is getting wider, as SAT scores keep getting worse. All these factors are majorly attributed to the fact that school days are not as long as required. This paper will discuss why the school day should be extended, giving the advantages of making such a move. The school day should be extended, so that school going childr en can be adequately prepared for the tough world of work that they will face after leaving school. According to Chmelynski (2006), the classroom can be used to make the modern work place more relevant by asssuring employers that school leavers are adequately prepared to deal with difficult work situations. ... These students are the same ones who will become workers once they leave school. If they are expected to work long hours, they need to be prepared for that from an early age, while still in school (Silva, 2007). Recently, United States President, Barrack Obama, was quoted as saying that spending more time in school could help students of this generation to compete effectively with their international peers. The President proposed that this could be achieved by extending the duration of time that American children spend in class, or lessening the amount of time spent on summer vacations. Such a move, according to the American President, would effectively prepare them for the economy of the 21st century. The short amount of time spent by American children in class puts the country at an economic disadvantage compared to other countries with longer school days. According to Silva (2007), American children were found to spend very little time in school, compared to all other regions of t he world. Japan is the country whose children spend the most number of days in school, in a year. They spend up to 243 days a year, as opposed to American children who only spend an average of 180 days a year in school. This makes the American children incapable of effectively competing with students from other countries. For this reason, the school day should be extended (Aronson, Simmerman, & Carols, 1998). With extended school days, administrators have the ability to ensure that the children are given a well-rounded education. This is in the sense that, today, as a result of short school days, many schools continually sacrifice important aspects of education such as physical education, arts and social studies,

Leadership Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Analysis - Research Paper Example These grand challenges however, also highlight the overall human element involved in achieving the superior performance as well as manage the modern organizations in most professional manner. What is also significant to understand that increasingly complex organizations at the global level have also created challenges for the firms to manage their expenses while at the same time ensure that employees remain motivated. This has only become possible due to the increasing level of insecurity related with the job and fear of unemployment. Organizations like Wal-Mart has been accused of discriminating on pay issues especially with women and as such the overall impression of such global organizations is not considered as favorable. This paper will therefore attempt to discuss and explore human side of the leadership and provide a leadership and motivation analysis of the issues identified above. The Human side of Management’s Grand Challenges One of the key challenges faced by the o rganizations is to ensure that organization delivers socially significant goals. This should also be considered along with full embodiment of community and citizenship ideas of the organization. ... Reduction of fear and insecurity is another critical important element to be considered because fear and insecurity may not allow employees to become creative and innovative in nature. Besides, this can also force them to resist any change for the betterment of the organization as a whole. Creation of diversity and allowing disagreement is also another element to be considered in order to become effective leader. This should allow the employees to not only feel themselves as part of the organization but also contribute positively towards the achievement of organizational goals. This also could be associated with the unleashing of the human imagination and achievement of desired level of performance through developing holistic performance measures. Leaders of today are also required to share the responsibility of goal setting under which sharing an employee’s voice to be considered as productive rather than a sign of power. Leaders therefore have to ensure that they achieve the desired level of commitment from their employees by giving thorough consideration to the voice of the employees and making them part of the overall process of setting the direction for the firm. This process will allow the leaders to have access to diversified range of creative ideas also. Finally, in order to achieve better performance, it is critical that the management must be able to overcome complacency and allow autonomy to the employees so that decisions can be made at local level. Unemployment and its Impact on Motivation: Motivation can arise at two levels i.e. explicit as well as implicit motivation and organizations can actually design and develop policies to

Fast Food in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

Fast Food in Malaysia Essay Restaurants have been around in some form for most of human civilization. But they usually catered to travelers. As far back as ancient Greece and Rome, inns and taverns generally served food to people who had a reason to be away from home. This trend continued until relatively recently. Although taverns and coffee houses were popular places to gather and share beverages in the 17th century, the idea of eating out for fun didnt take off in Western society until the late 18th century. Although McDonalds was the first restaurant to use the assembly-line system, some people think of White Castle as the first fast-food chain. White Castle was founded in 1921 in Wichita, Kansas. At the time, most people considered the burgers sold at fairs, circuses, lunch counters and carts to be low-quality. Many people thought hamburger came from slaughterhouse scraps and spoiled meat. White Castles founders decided to change the publics perception of hamburgers. They built their restaurants so that customers could see the food being prepared. They painted the buildings white and even chose a name that suggested cleanliness. White Castle was most popular in the American East and Midwest, but its success helped give hamburger meat a better reputation nationwide. So, like cars, White Castle played an important part in the development of fast food. Image courtesy Brands of the World The McDonald brothers opened their redesigned restaurant in 1948, and several fast-food chains that exist today opened soon after. Burger King and Taco Bell got their start in the 1950s, and Wendys opened in 1969. Some chains, like Carls Jr. , KFC and Jack in the Box, existed before the Speedee Service System, but modified their cooking techniques after its debut. McDonalds, which started it all, is now the worlds largest fast-food chain. According to the National Restaurant Association, American sales of fast food totaled $163. 5 billion in 2005 [ref]. The industry is growing globally as well. Total sales for McDonalds grew 5. 6 percent in 2005, and the company now has 30,000 franchised stores in more than 120 countries [ref and ref]. However, McDonalds and fast food in general does not always get a welcoming reception around the world. McDonalds restaurants have been attacked in several countries, including the United States, China, Belgium, Holland, India, Russia, Sweden and the U. K. Protestors have accused McDonalds and other chains of selling unhealthy food, marketing aggressively to children and undermining local values and culture.

Life Success Of Bill Gates

Life Success Of Bill Gates The traditional definition of leadership by Webster dictionary states its an interpersonal influence directed towards the achievement of a goal or goals. Leadership is a dynamic relationship based on mutual influence and common purpose between leaders and collaborators in which both are moved to higher levels of motivation and moral development as they affect real, intended change (Friedberg K and Friedberg J, 1996). Using the key words here such as influence and change, history has her fair share of leaders. In 1974, TIME magazine published a special section on history greatest leaders where a variety of individuals were asked to name their selection and a large number of people were nominated. Each for a different reason but mostly because they created a culture of influence and brought upon change. With the myriad of eligible entrepreneurs contesting to be great leaders of today, we dissect and analyse the lives of two living legends that have become household names in the world, William H Gates and Oprah Gail Winfrey. Two distinct individuals driven by ambition have become the core subject of business educators to delve into what makes them great leaders and like the old mythology, the search of the Holy Grail (Pearce T 2003). Famously known as Bill Gates, an American businessman, philanthropist, software executive and founding father of Microsoft Corporation, he is also the worlds second richest person (Forbes Magazine 2010). He is one of the best known entrepreneurs of personal computers revolution (Bellis M, nd). Oprah Winfrey a television host, producer, philanthropist and one of the most influential women in the society today, was ranked the richest African-American of the 20th century. She is credited for revolutionising the intimate confessional form of media communication (Wikipedia). 2.0 LIFE AND SUCCESS OF BILL GATES A personal computer in every desk and in every home (Keegan, Davidson Brill, 2003) A simple vision made him possibly the greatest visionary of our times. Bill Gates born to a prominent defence lawyer and a school teacher was introduced to computers at a very young age. He was enrolled in Lakeside Elementary School when his parents noticed his deep interest in computer and programming. After dabbling in various programming software, he developed his first software programme for controlling traffic under Traf-Data and sold it for $20000 (Paluri R K, nd). Following the release of MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080CPU in 1975, Gates and his best friend Allen started their own software company Microsoft. In 1976, when Microsoft was registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico, Gates dropped out of Harvard (Wikipedia). From releasing a version of FORTRAN language for microcomputers in 1977, they went on to introduce a version of COBOL 1978. In 1979, a new version for BASIC was developed by Microsoft. Gates focused on product development, harvesting best talents and intelligence, and introducing innovative and aggressive marketing strategies transforming Microsoft from a million dollar company in 1978 to a market leader in software with revenues in billion dollars by 2002 (Des Dear Love 2002). Resigning as CEO in 2000 to spend time with software architecture and passing the torch to Steve Ballmer, his childhood friend, he and his wife Melinda have built a foundation to support philanthropic initiations on global health and education (Fritz J, nd). 3.0 LIFE AND SUCCESS OF OPRAH WINFREY Oprah Gail Winfrey born in rural Mississippi to a teenage single mother is an African American television host, for the multi-award winning, self-titled talk show. She is also the greatest black philanthropist known to date who is one of the most influential women today (Wikipedia). Raised in a difficult childhood in a ghetto and an abusive one, she was not only raped by relatives but also got pregnant at the age of 14. Oprah Winfreys life turned when she lived with her father in Nashville and attended high school there. She was academically successful and became an incredible speaker which earned her a scholarship to Tennessee State University (Fry E). With her publicity at being a good speaker in University she landed her first job as a television co-anchor. Graduating with a degree in communications she became a news anchor at WLAC-TV in Nashville, later in Baltimore for the 6 o clock news. In 1984 she hosted AM Chicago which became the highest rated talk show within a year. The show was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show in 1986. In 1988, she founded Harpo Studios (Harpo Inc.) to take over the show. In 1990, movies projects, she ventured into acting projects and gradually progressing to the launch of O, The Oprah Magazine. The initiation of Oprahs Book Club star ted her multimedia breakthrough. In 1987, The Oprah Winfrey Foundation and in 1997, Oprahs Angel Network was founded respectively for charity (Allen S). Oprahs talk show is all about encouraging the peoples potential, making them feel safe and affirming their personhood (Davis P). Oprah Winfrey once said As a young child I had a vision, not of what I wanted to accomplish but I knew that my current circumstances would change. That dream propelled her to success (Entertainment Executive 1991). 4.0 THEORIES ON LEADERSHIP Leadership theories have evolved through the years beginning from archaic ideas such as The Great Man Theory being self explanatory to more civilised, refined concepts. The trait approach identified a group of traits were positively associated with leadership such as intelligence, self confidence, initiative and persistence. However this is in no relation to effectiveness (Stogdill 1948, 1974). The behavioural approach took focus on two dimensions creating leadership styles; task-oriented behaviour and relation-oriented behaviour (Stogdill 1948) on organizational outcomes (Blake Mouton 1964). These approaches pay too much attention to the leaders perspective not considering the followers. The situational leadership model ( Hersey and Blanchard,1982) emphasises leadership flexibility and adaptation, the contingency model (Fiedler,1967) is much more consistent with less flexibility and the path-goal theory (House and Mitchell, 1974) assumes that leadership styles not only vary with different subordinates but in different situations. This theory is based on the assumption that situation moderator variables are easily identified but it is subjective to individual inference which change the actions and outcomes. Servant leadership stems from the notion that leadership arises out of a desire to serve rather than a desire to lead (Katzenberg and Smith, 1994). Asking questions, providing opportunities and seeking a common understanding instead of consensus to make any particular decisions were thought to be qualities that make a leader. Transactional leadership has remained the organisational model which is built around a person who needs to get a job done, has power and perks, striving to work in the current system with short term goals. The shift to use transformational leadership has more meaning with morals and ethics, focusing on missions and strategies, making it more meaningful and challenging with long term goals (Liu J and Liu X, 2006) Leadership is a complex process in which leaders, followers and the situation interact with each other usually one or the other theories overlap in reality. 5.0 LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF BILL GATES AND OPRAH WINFREY Using Kouzes J and Posner B survey as a basis where common characteristics of leaders were formulated after interviewing 75,000 people, below are the characteristics present in both of our personalities discussed. 5.1 LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF BILL GATES PASSIONATE He is a Harvard dropout (Richard D). While it is every Americans dream to be selected into Harvard University, he stopped his education halfway with the strong passion to pursue his dream for software architecture. VISIONARY A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer (Paluri RK). This is a dream that propelled Gates to his overwhelming success and realising that dream proves him to be a far visionary. INTELLIGENT Starting at a very young age he began dabbling at computer programming (Walter I). He believes in intelligence and with that you can achieve almost anything in the world. His parents observed their sons intellectual capacity and enrolled him in private school (Wikipedia). INNOVATIVE Creating new versions of FORTRAN, BASIC and created MS DOS for personal computers (Des DearLove). He also realised that internet was taking the world over by storm and not to be left out in the rat race he incorporated Web in his advancement. He spoke in April 2002 that in the upcoming digital decade the tools created in the next 10 years will be the best tools for empowerment and productivity the world has ever seen.( Krames J A) STAFF ORIENTED He coined the phrase digital nervous system to speak of a culture that encourages the workforce not only to think but to share their thoughts (Gates 2002). His company engages in a ritual known as THINK WEEK twice a year where he reads almost 100 mails and ideas from his employees (Dvorak D). COMPETITIVE Constantly meeting rivalry such as Apple, Google. With the advent of Windows system, Microsoft won over the rivalry of format with Apple (Richard D). His competitive nature suggests that to maintain high standards in the global economy is innovation and hiring a workforce that consists of the worlds brightest minds (Gates 2007). DIVERSE Employment of staff from around the world harnessing intelligence (Krames J A, 2003). He gained even popularity in China during his visit there with his charisma. (Microsoft Presspass, 2003) HUMBLE The idea is not just to make money but to give something in return, the knowledge and the software. Evident in his character is the fact that he employs his own childhood friends or individuals he knew from his past to participate in the rise of Microsoft. He values the people he comes to meet and know such as Steve Ballmer and Paul Allen. CREDIBILITY Though the government opened antitrust trial against Microsoft challenging Bill Gates credibility where it accuses Microsoft of bundling its internet explorer browser with its Windows OS to eliminate Netscapes Navigator browser (Brinkley J, 1998) ENTHUSIASTIC -He has shown his zeal in many of his undertakings such as business, golf, and donations (Lesinski, 2007). CONFIDENCE At an early stage he was confident he could sell his idea to a huge company like IBM and made it materialize (Des DearLove) TRUSTWORTHY His team constituted of people he worked and studied with and brought only his trusted friends to start a small team (Wikipedia) PHILANTHROPIST- Funnelling large amounts of his wealth through The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation to raise standards in health and education. Caring for the lesser fortuned population despite having abundant wealth (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation). ASSERTIVENESS Due to multilevel and cross-sectional communication between his employees he is able to know their needs and respect their opinions while maintaining his goal (Gates 2002). 5.2 LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF OPRAH WINFREY ENTREPRENEURSHIP She transformed from media talk show host to media industry mogul millionaire. As a simple girl who ventured into news anchoring, she surpassed many obstacles to become one of the most renowned individuals in the movie or television industry. Harpo Inc is an active supplier of motion pictures, produces not only Oprahs talk show but also produces Rachel Rays, Dr Phils and Dr Ozs shows (Wikipedia.) CONFIDENCE As told to business partner Gayle King I dont know what the future holds but I know who holds it (Baldoni J, 2008). To be a successful black in the movie industry which is dominated by the Americans is a formidable task. Oprah once said, It is confidence in our bodies, minds and spirits that allows us to keep looking for new adventures, new directions to grow in, and new lessons to learn which is what life is all about (Fry E). INNOVATIVE Though the mainstay of her career is the confessional form of talk show, she went on to create Harpo Productions Inc, Harpo Films Inc, Harpo Studios Inc, and Harpo videos. She expanded her empire by forming Oxygen Media LLC which includes a women cable TV network and internet site. In 2000, O magazine was launched (Jet 2003). INTELLIGENCE Though she had an unstable childhood that did not deter her from obtaining a degree in mass communications from Tennessee State University and carving her path in the entertainment industry INFLUENTIAL Changing the lives of many Africans and African Americans especially the down trodden. The 66th U.S. Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice describes her as a woman of moral character and source of strength for millions of her admirers (Rice C, 2006). INTEGRITY She is true t her work and keeps control of her products and her image not over marketing it. She believed in keeping control of her branding and being in control of Harpo Inc. (Baldoni J, 2008). CHANGE She is people driven bringing change to the lives of the young African girls. She used her past as a lesson and channelled it to a positive growth and lesson for others. Her metamorphosis is certainly laudable. PHILANTROPHIST Starting the Oprah Winfrey foundation to support the education and empowerment of women, children and families in the United States and around the world. Her caring nature allows her to empathize with the unfortunate. Post hurricane Katrina, she donated her own money to build new home for 65 families. She is also actively campaigning victims of abuse to find justice so that they can move on. She is championing her cause with the sole message that I did it, so can you (Rice C, 2006). CREATIVITY She created a reality show hosted by Nate Berkus called the Big Give encouraging others to give and aid the less fortunate. She also formed Oprahs Angel Network to inspire people to make a difference. STRENGTH Despite coming from a dysfunctional home and being molested by family she managed to make the mess of her life into a message for other women. Most individuals tend to cocoon themselves to cope with the post traumatic stress disorders or rebel at life due to dysfunctional family background but she is proof of dealing with misfortune in a positive manner. HARDWORKING She worked her way to the top with her skills and opportunities strewn in her way. VISIONARY The Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls inspired by her humble beginnings to provide educational and leadership opportunities to academically gifted girls from impoverished background. She became a visionary for others after obtaining such success in her life. TALENTED She is not only an honours student, winning oratory contests and skilled in public speaking, she has indulged in acting in movies, became a famous talk show host and television programmer. 6.0 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN BILL GATES AND OPRAH WINFREY 6.1 EARLY YEARS Gates was a young visionary who had a dream which he ambitioned to full fill. He was born into a family of standing who valued his intelligence and supported him in his undertakings. Winfrey was a lady who was presented with an opportunity and she used that chance to create a dream and then envisioned a future. Coming from a past of difficult times without supportive parents, it was a bold and courageous move to achieve what she has today. Two different upbringings and knowledge foundation but both proved to be great leaders of our time. Gates was an intelligent individual but a university dropout by choice, but Winfrey used her education and oratory skills to propel her forward. Both are leaders using different foundations to grow. This shows the use of situational leadership in their decision making. 6.2 LEADERSHIP TRAITS IN GATES AND WINFREY 6.2.1 Transformational Gates and Winfrey both exerted transformational leadership qualities. In the early days of Microsofts birth, Gates was more transactional, he was driven to get his vision across, and using the position he held, he focused on tactical issues on a daily basis. He relied on the existing structure to maximise his output. Using MS DOS as a foundation to license it and sell it to other personal computers (Richards D). Software programming was the mainstay of his indulgence and finding the core programmes was a challenge. When IBM approached him to do his programming it was his breakthrough in the networking world. He wanted more and with that dream Microsoft was born. Gradually when he left IBM he transformed Microsoft to be an organization which identified human potential and talents with larger mission and strategies, had long term goals which had more meaning( Wikipedia). He kept redesigning jobs to keep them challenging. Winfrey was not a leader in her early years, being a struggling African American herself; she paved her career with short term goals and opportunity. When she had her breakthrough she practised more situational leadership qualities to ensure she made improvements and progress based on needs and ideals of the populations. She took what was offered to her and climbed gradually to the top. Her transformations were based on change. She brought change to the African society in general and mostly the women. She transformed the thoughts of people to rise from the ghettos and reach for the stars. She generously gave hope (Allen S, nd ). She also managed to penetrate the white dominated entertainment industry though acceptance of a black woman was an issue. Influential Both individuals are influential to mankind, creating a class of believe and a sense of idolism in the world they have introduced a metamorphosis in the entertainment and technological revolution. Microsoft and Bill Gates are almost synonyms in the computing world (Gates 2008). The blacks mainly from the African continent are faithful and devout worshippers of Winfrey (Black Enterprise). Philanthropic Winfrey has been described as a person with warmth and deep love, an abiding commitment to the principles of goodness and generosity that transcend any individual (Rice C, 2006). Melinda Gates seeing that malaria was a transmittable disease in the African continent causing the death of millions decided that it was a vacuum that does need to be stepped into. Melinda and Gates Foundation provide more than a third of worlds entire malaria-research funding. They also funded the creation of a synthetic form of artemisinic acid, a drug to combat malaria (Bower A, 2006). Their magnanimous natures of caring for the population and channelling financial aid to the needy have made them both philanthropic idols (Alleyne S, nd The New York Times June 2010). Passionate Gates does not only thrive on profit, if he did he would not have stepped down as CEO and allow Steve Ballman to continue, instead he moved to concentrate on his primary passion that is software programming and actively nurturing his charity foundation. Winfrey too does not make business decisions purely based on profit. She develops partnerships and ventures in instinct and utility (Alleyne S 2008). Employee relationship Gates usually involves his employees in the think tank of Microsoft, having twice yearly meetings to harvest new ideas or resolve old issues. His relationship is purely business like in nature (Dvorak D). He is almost beaureaucratic in leading with his employees though financially rewarded are tired of being overworked and have temporarily opted out. His monopolistic character in the early days of Microsoft gradually transformed from an autonomous approach to be involved only with the broad strategy (Heller R, 2006). However Oprah being in touch with her emotional perspective of nature thinks taking care of employees and rewarding them occasionally is the path to be a good leader. Debbie McElroy, a head hunter for the Lucas group said, Employees get a six week vacation in their first week at Harpo. The pay and benefits are exceptional. (SellersP, nd). Named as the Worlds Greatest Boss by the Chicago-Sun Times newspaper, she went cruising with 1,700 employees all expense paid in 2009. In 2005, it was a company vacation to Hawaii (Bieganski M, 2009). 7.0 CONCLUSION What makes a good leader? Leadership can vary depending on situation and background of the leader. The personalities chosen to define leadership in this assignment are from different backgrounds, Oprah being from a dysfunctional and uneducated family and Gates from an educated and family of standing in society. The two individuals are also yin and yang in race; one is a white American and the other of African American origin. They differ in the upbringing, values, goals and vision in life. The industries they are involved in are different, Oprah in the entertainment industry and Gates in the software industry. Nevertheless, amazingly both of them are leaders of the generation today. Both are successful, talented and influential billionaires. The similarities they share also include their common interest in philanthropy and giving away their earnings to the population to help the needy and to connect to the population. Both these leaders are charismatic, but Gates is through his business skills and Oprah is through her general caring nature and love for people. Oprah does not believe in doing the marketing her business, over merchandizing her products and always kept in control the on goings of her company allowing her partner only 10% of the business control. Whereas Bill Gates handed over the day to day affairs in 2000 to Steve Ballmer and finally resigned in 2007 to completely hand over the business to his partner. He practised empowerment as part of his leadership quality but Oprah though allowing others to carry out the designated jobs approval was always maintained by her. Both our leaders in the assignment are with varied qualities; however, they are still great leaders of our generation.